Florence Nightingale museum (Istanbul)

In 1954 the Turkish Nurses Associatian decided to place a marble tablet in the tower of the Selimiye barracks in Üsküdar (Scutari) in appreciation of the services of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean war.

**The northwest tower that was used by Florence Nightingale from 1854 to 1856 is in the left of the photo**

The above marble tablet which is at the entrance of the tower, has been
raised by the Turkish Nurses Association and states the following:
TO THE IMMORTAL SERVICES OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE,
FOUNDER OF MODERN NURSING, BETWEEN 1854-1856.

TURKISH NURSES ASSOCIATION 1954

To keep alive her memory, it was decided to turn that section of the barracks in the north-western tower used by Florence Nightingale during the war, into a museum. The idea was accepted by the military authorities and the museum was opened with a joint ceremony in 1954. While the Florence Nightingale Museum in London was opened in February 1989.

Although the museum does not have the original decoration dating from Florence Nightingale's time, everything possible has been done to decorate the room in its original style and many contemporary pictures and writings have been placed in the museum.

The Executive Board of the International Council of Nurses held a Conference in Istanbul on August 29 – September 4, 1955. On this occasion a visit was planned to the section of the Selimiye Barracks which was used as headquarters and living place by Florence Nightingale and her nurses. Here a ceremony was planned and the President of the International Council of Nurses, Miss M. Madeline Bihet, in her memorial speach presented a statement of appreciation to the Turkish Nurses Association.

From the ceremony held at Selimiye Barracks on September 3, 1955. Miss Madeline M. Bihet, President
of the International Council of Nurses in front, General Refik Yılmazer, Commander of the barracks,
front row on her right, Esma Deniz, President of the Turkish Nurses Association. Second row on his right.

Turkey was the first country where nursing was carried out under the leadership of a world famous nurse from 1854 to 1856, before the training and practice of nursing had been raised to a similar level anywhere else in the world. This gives a speciel pride to all nurses in Turkey, that they belong to the country where modern nursing was born.

SELiMiYE BARRACKS

Currently used as the 1st Army Headquarters and Istanbul Garrison Command, Selimiye Barracks was built between 1800-1806 during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Selim III to set up a new army. The original wooden barracks was captured and burnt down during the Janissary uprising in 1807. Its reconstruction was ordered by Sultan Mahmut II in 1827 in the form of cut-stone for new orderly army, Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye (Victorious soldiers of Muhammad).

The Barrack Hospital. Lady Alicia Blackwood, "Scutary, the Bosphorus and the Crimea,1857". This work is dedicated
to Florence Nightingale by Lady Blackwood, who worked with her at the Great Barrack hospital in Scutari.

**Aerial view of the Selimiye Barracks (Barracks hospital)**

During the Crimean War, which broke out in 1853, the Ottoman Empire, for the first time in its history, allied with England and France and fought against Russia. Thus, thousands of British soldiers settled in Selimiye Barracks, which had been evacuated by the Turkish troops sent to the fronts months before. The Barracks was used as a British military hospital during the Crimean war (1853-1856).

It was used as a military secondary school between 1959 and 1962. In 1964, First Army and Istanbul Garrison Command headquarters was moved to the barracks. Although barracks housing military units are closed to civilian visitors due to security and confidentiality, they are allowed to visit the museum because of its historical significance.

Selimiye Barracks was originally planned as a complex including the Selimiye Mosque, a library, bathhouses, a printing house, flour mill, bakery, stables, parade ground, equipment depots, provision storage sites, and officers' lodgings.

The barracks is 200 meters wide and 267 meters long. The total length of its corridors is 2300 meters. AIso, it has 228 rooms with 3000 windows. The four towers at each corner of the building have seven storeys and are 43 meters high.

The quadrangle is used for-parades and ceremonies. There are busts of the 1st Army Commanders who fought in the War of Independence, the reliefs and statutes depicting the wars in which the 1st Army fought, a kitchen and central heating center in the quadrangle.

FIRST ARMY AND FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE MUSEUM

MUSEUM OF
FIRST ARMY
AND
FLORENCE
NIGHTINGALE

The 1st Army and Florence Nightingale Museum comprises two parts. Located in the entrance of the museum and opened in 2000,1st Army Museum forms the first part.

The emblem on the wall of this part is the 1st Army emblem. On the emblem four stars symbolize the army, the Marmara Region its area of responsibility, 1843 its foundation year, and Selimiye Barracks the 1st Army headquarters.

Just below the emblem is the Tasvir-i Hümayun which is the portrait of the Sultan Mahmud II framed with the roses having pearls on an ivory plaque. Worn as a necklace or hung on the walls of the institutions, the Tasviri Hümayun was granted by Sultan Mahmud II as an imperial award. The reason why the Tasvir-i Hümayun was given to the 1st Army is that the new army stayed in the barracks in the abolishment process of the Janissaries.

Tasvir-i Hümayun (Sultan’s portrait) is an award for services rendered,
and used as an official portrait in military and official institutions.

The reliefs on the wall and the statues on the right depict the wars in which the 1 st Army fought. The first major one is the Crimean War, 1853-1856. Being allies, the Great Britain, France the Ottomans fought against Russia at this war and Florence Nightingale stayed in Selimiye Barracks to treat the sick and wounded British soldiers during the war.

Another major war the 1st Army participated in was the Balkan Wars I and II, 1912-1913.

The other important war in the combat history of the army was the Gallipoli Campaign, 1915. The Campaign, which did change the course of history, claimed many lives from both sides.

The final major war the 1st Army took part in is the Independence War, 1919-1922.

In the middle of the room is a Krupp field artillery, a machine gun with the gunner and his aid. The German-made artillery and American-made machine gun were both used in the Independence War. On the left-hand side of the wall are the mask of Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK, the founder of the Turkish Republic, and the Ottoman state emblem. As for the pictures on the wall, they depict the combat scenes from the Gallipoli Campaign.

Hung on the walls of the museum overlooking the sea are the Turkish flag, the standards of the army and its subordinate Corps.

Located on the third and fourth floors of the northwestern tower, the Florence Nightingale Museum forms the second part of the museum.

BIOGRAPHY OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

Florence was born in Italy on 12 May 1820, and was named after the city of her birth. She was the second daughter of wealthy English parents William and Frances Nightingale. Their eldest child, Parthenope, also named after her birthplace, has been born a year earlier.

Florence, a serious and solitary child who would often escape into her dream world, was devoted to her studies, whereas Parthenope was happier doing needlework and sketching.

She received a good education on Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian, music, history, philosophy and mathematics.

Florence's religious beliefs were the driving force of her life and work. From a young age she had felt that she had a calling. On 7 February 1837, she had a revelation, a moment when she felt God called her to His service. It was a while before she decided that her calling was to be a nurse.

In 1847, in the hope that it would distract her, Florence was sent abroad with Charles and Selina Bracebridge, a wealthy, childless couple. During this time, she met Sidney Herbert and his wife Liz, who both shared her interests: Liz accompanied Florence on visits to convents and hospitals while Sidney became an influential collaborator and friend. On the way home in 1850, Florence visited Kaiserswerth, a community in Germany consisting of a hospital, infant schooL, penitentiary, orphanage and training school for teachers.

On her return, the 3O-year old Florence felt inspired by this experience of real nursing, yet she had no hope of any further training. Instead she gathered information about hospitals and health systems in England and abroad, working secretly in her room.

Finally her family relented and agreed to allow her further training as a nurse so she returned to Kaiserswerth where she gained vital, practical experience. She prepared medicines, made wound care, witnessed amputations and was at the bedside of dying patients.

What impressed Florence most was the moral tone of Kaiserswerth. The nurses worked there because they cared about people's welfare: nursing was a vocation, not a means of making money.

'I find the deepest interest in everything here and am so well in mind and body. Now I know what it is to live and to love life.'

Once Florence decided what her calling in life was to be, she set out to secure an independent life for herself. Marriage was out of the question. She had several marriage proposals but refused all them.

When Florence came back from Kaiserswerth, her need for freedom persisted and said to her mother to allow her to have some independence away from the family. Finally her mother relented and allowed Florence to go to Paris to train with the Sisters of Charity. Before she left there in January 1853, she was offered the position of Superintendent of The Establishment for Gentlewomen during Illness. Florence needed to secure a position so that she could start her working life. She accepted the post. Her father gave her an independent allowance of £.500 a year: she had her freedom at last.

After a year Florence decided to leave the Establishment and was considering taking a post at King's College Hospital, when a cholera epidemic swept across London; instead she took temporary leave to nurse the victims at the Middlesex Hospital. It was not long before Florence had another opportunity and another plan in mind.

The British army entered the Crimean War on 28 March 1854.

Having seen the reports in The Times, Florence asked Liz Herbert for Sidney's opinion of her idea of taking a small expedition of nurses out to the Crimea. At this time Sidney Herbert was Secretary at War.

He asked Florence to lead a government- sponsored group of nurses to the military hospital in Scutari, Turkey. He pleaded, 'There is but one person in England that i know of who would be capable of organizing such a scheme .... '

Florence accepted the office of Superintendent of the Female Nursing Establishment in the English General Military Hospitals in Turkey. A committee, consisting of friends and her sister, started to recruit the nurses and applications came in from a variety of backgrounds.

Florence insisted that the women should have nursing experience and practical knowledge of hospitals. Only 38 suitable women could be found: 14 women with hospital experience, 14 Anglican sisters and 10 Roman Catholic nuns. Their terms of employment were quickly signed and the group left London for Constantinople on 23 October.

They arrived in Scutari on 4 November 1854, ten days after the Battle of Balaclava and the day before the Battle of Inkerman.

Florence greatly respected many of the army doctors and she paid close attention to army regulations. She insisted that neither she nor any of her nurses would enter a ward or attend a patient without the specific request of the medical officer in charge. Some of the doctors never accepted the nurses' presence and were, at first, reluctant to give them duties. Florence had a particularly uneasy relationship with Dr John Hall, Principal Medical Officer in the Crimea.

Determined that she would succeed in introducing female nurses into military hospitals Florence set out to maintain rigid discipline amongst her staff.

**A scene of medical consultation where we see Florence Nightingale assisting to a physician.**

At first, Florence did hands-on nursing, but she soon took charge of the administration of the hospital and the organization of the nurses. She observed the weaknesses of the management and haphazard distribution of supplies, and set about reorganizing them. She bombarded Sidney Herbert with requests for supplies and used her own resources to buy essential items, providing all sorts of things from socks and shirts to bedpans and operating tables. Florence also oversaw the distribution of the gifts that were sent by the public.

**Hospital ward in Scutari with Florence Nightingale**

During the Crimean War soldiers were given raw rations of food, which they were expected to cook themselves. The meat was generally bad and the rations were unsuitable for a sick person. Florence installed diet kitchens to provide appropriate meals for invalids. Alexis Soyer, who had been the chef at the Reform Club in London reorganized the kitchens and created new dishes from standard rations.

**Hospital kitchen at Scutari Barracks**

In May 1855, Florence decided to visit the other hospitals in the Crimea. A few days after her arrival in Balaclava, she collapsed from weakness and exhaustion, and was close to death. She had caught 'Crimean fever'. Once she had begun to recover a little she returned to Scutari and continued her convalescence there. She was able to begin to work again by September, but her illness was to have lasting consequences.

Florence's work in Scutari went beyond cleanliness and basic nursing care: she restored humanity to the soldiers. She made arrangements for a screen to be put around a patient having an amputation, rather than have the operation in sight of another patient. She penned letters for the soldiers to their Iamilies and answered inquiries about missing or ill men. She wrote letters of condolence to the families of the men who died and sent money to their widows. This was perhaps the first war where an official person paid attention and care to the families of soldiers.

Testimonies from ordinary soldiers about their treatment in Scutari flooded home, praising Florence for her care and devotion. As she insisted that she was the onlyone allowed on the wards at night, she would patrol checking all was well. The first image of Florence as 'The Lady with the Lamp' was published in The Illustrated London News on 24 February 1855. It launched her to an iconic status, one which still remains today.

Florence Nightingale walking amongst the wounded and sick soldiers,
Illustrated London News, February 24 1855.

Photograph taken at Florence Nightingale Museum, London, showing
the Turkish lantern used by Florence Nightingale on her nightly rounds
of the wards.

Florence's unstinting devotion to duty brought about a transformation of Scutari Hospital, and earned her the admiration and respect of not only the soldiers she saved from disease and starvation, but of the entire nation. The war ended when the peace treaty was signed on 30 March 1856. Florence stayed at Scutari until the last of her nurses had left and her records were completed.

She left for England on 28 July 1856, travelling incognito under the name of Miss Smith. On reaching London, she made her way to the Sisters of Mercy Convent in Bermondsey and spent the morning in prayer and meditation. She then took a train alone, heading to station of Whatstandwell in Derbyshire.

Florence was thin and exhausted. Current medical opinion of Florence's illness suggests that she was suffering from chronic brucellosis, originating in the Crimea. it was most likely caught from eating infected milk or cheese.

This photograph was taken soon after Florence's return from the Crimean War.
Her family were shocked at how thin she had become. She had cut her hair
short in Scutari for convenience and to keep it free of
lice."There was no time for long hair," she wrote.

On her return from the war, Florence immediately set about ensuring that the mistakes that were made in the Crimean War were exposed and learned from. Within six weeks, she had enlisted Queen Victoria's support for a Royal Commission to investigate the,health of the British army. The Minister of War requested that she write her observations and recommendations, based on her experiences, into a formal and confidential report. The ensuing report ran to 900 pages.

During the Crimean War contributions were sent by the public to Florence for her work. By the end of the 1850s more than £.44,000 had been raised. The money became the Nightingale Fund, intended to be used to establish an institution for the training, sustenance and protection of nurses and hospital attendants. It financed the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St Thomas' Hospital, London. Other training schools existed but these were all connected to religious orders which made the Nightingale School the first non-sectarian training establishment for nurses.

**St. Thomas hospital at the time of Florence Nightingale**

Florence's greatest contribution was to popularize nursing as a respectable profession for women. Those who trained at the Nightingale Training School became matrons of hospitals all over the world, leading to the reform of nursing in hospitals, workhouses and the armed forces. Other nursing schools and a midwifery school at King's College Hospital were founded.

Despite St Thomas' Hospital being partly destroyed in the Second World War, the school continued to grow. Changes in the way nurses were trained meant that the school could no longer stand alone as a training institution and it closed in 1996.

In 1865 she moved to 10 South Street, a small house near Park Lane, London, and lived there for the rest of her life.

**Florence Nightingale photographed by Millbourn in c. 1890. Wellcome Collection, London (CC BY 4.0)**

Florence continued to write into her 80s, until her eyesight and memory began to fail.

She received testimonials and honours from across the world. In 1907 King Edward VII awarded Florence the Order of Merit, a great honour presented to individuals for particular achievement in the fields of the arts, learning, literature and science: she was the first woman to receive this. The following year she became the first woman to be awarded the Honorary Freedom of the City of London.

**A rare photograph of Nightingale in 1910, by Lizzie Caswall Smith**

Florence died in her sleep on 13 August 1910, aged 90, at home in South Street.

Her family declined the offer of a burial at Westminster Abbey and she was, as she had wished, buried at St. Margaret’s Church, East Wellow, Hampshire.

**Photograph of Florence Nightingale’s funeral, 1910** (Hampshire Record Office ref 97M81/23/23)

**St Margaret's Church and Florence Nightingale memorial, East Wellow, Hampshire**

The Nightingale memorial is fairly easy to spot. It stands south of the church and is a typical Victorian monument, in the shape of a church spire. Three sides of the monument have inscriptions to other members of the Nightingale family, but one side has the very simple inscription:

F. N.

BORN 12 MAY 1820.

DIED 13 AUGUST 1910

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE MUSEUM

Located on the third and fourth floors of the northwestern tower, the Florence Nightingale Museum forms the second part of the museum.

The statues at the entrance describe a wounded soldier's reception into the care room under Nightingale's supervision.

The room on the third floor of the northwestem tower is the treatment room used by Florence Nightingale. The statue in the middle of the room depicts the treatment of a wounded soldier by Nightingale. Just behind the statue is the chest tube, which is a primitive drain.

**First aid to a wounded soldier by Florence Nightingale**

**Traditional medical bag used in 19th century**

The desk, the chair, the carpet and the mirror in this part are all original items used by Nightingale.

**Booklet of the Florence Nightingale Commemoration Day given to the Museum**

**The pictures on the wall belong to the period when the barracks was used as a British Military Hospital.**

**A room designed for convalescent patients in Selimiye Barracks hospital**

**Florence Nightingale at a meeting with the nurses**

**Another view of the Florence Nightingale’s office**

With a spiral staircase one climbs to the fourth floor of the tower where the living room of
Florence Nightingale is located.
This is the room where she spent her spare time and relaxed.

On the walls are some pictures depicting the daily life of the hospital, some letters written by Florence Nightingale and some pictures about her life.

**This picture shows that the corridors of the barracks hospital were also full of sick or wounded soldiers**

A popularized illustration, first printed in the Illustrated London News in 1855,
of Florence Nightingale touring the wards of Barracks Hospital

**An engraving by an unknown artist of Florence Nightingale in the Barrack Hospital at Scutari**

On the left side the Florence Nightingale’s house and the outside door. In 1865 she moved in this house,
10 South Street, near Park Lane, London where she died in 1910. On the top and on the right side
St Margaret's Church cemetery and Florence Nightingale memorial, East Wellow

**The house that Florence Nightingale lived and died in, 10 South Street, near Park Lane, London**

**Today in place of Florence Nightingale's house there is a new building on which is a blue plaque**

This is a new plaque on rebuilt premises. The original plaque was erected by the
Duke of Westminster in 1912 and removed when the house was pulled down in 1929.
Plaque erected in 1955 by London County Council at 10 South Street, Mayfair,
London, W1K 1DE, City of Westminster

A letter from Florence Nightingale to the Nurses and Probationers at St. Thomas's Hospital,
London, May 6, 1881. The significance of this letter is that it was the
first mention of the principles of modern nursing.

London May 6 1881

My very dear friends,

Now once more 'god speed' to you all; my very best greetings and thanks to you all, all:

To our beginners, good courage;

To our dear old workers, peace, fresh courage, too - perseverance: for to persevere to the end is as difficult & needs a yet better energy than to begin new work.

To be a good nurse one must be a good woman, here we shall all agree. It is the old, old story. But some of us are new to the start.

What is it to be "like a woman"? "Like a woman" - "a very woman" is sometimes laid as a word of contempt: sometimes as a word of tender admiration.

What makes a good woman is the better or higher of their nature:

Quietness, gentleness, patience, endurance, forbearance with: her patients, her fellow workers,her supervisors, her equals.

We need above all to remember that we come to learn, to be taught. Hence we come to obey.

No one ever was able to govern who was not able to obey.

No one ever was able to teach who was not able to learn.

The best scholars make the best teachers - those who obey best, the best rulers.

We all have to obey as well as to command all our lives.

Who does it best?

As a mark of contempt for a woman is it not said 'she can't obey'? 'She will have her own way'?

As a mark of respect - 'she always knows how to obey'? 'How to give up her own way'?

You are here to be trained for nurses - attending on the wants of the sick - helpers in carrying out doctor's orders (not medical students, though theory is very helpful when carried out by practice). Theory without practice is ruinous to nurses.

Then a good woman should be thorough. Thoroughness in a nurse is a matter of life and death to the patient.

Or, rather, without it she is no nurse.

Especially thoroughness in the unseen work.

Do that well & the other will be done well to.

Be as careful in the cleaning of the used poultice basin as in your attendance at an antiseptic dressing.

Don't care more about what meets the eye & gains attention.

"How do you know you have grace?" said a minister to a housemaid.

"Because I clean under the mats" was the excellent reply.

If a housemaid said that, how much more should a nurse, all whose vessels mean patients.

***

Now what does "like a woman" mean when it is said in contempt?

Does it not mean what is petty, little selfishnesses, small meannesses; envy; jealousy; foolish talking; unkind gossip; love of praise.

Now while we try to be "like women" in the noble sense of the word, let us fight as bravely against all such womanly weaknesses.

Let us be anxious to do well, not for selfish praise, but to honour & advance the cause, the work we have taken up.

Let us value our training, not as it makes us cleverer or superior to others, but inasmuch as it enables us to be more useful & helpful to our fellow creatures, the sick, who most want our help.

Let it be our ambition, good nurses, and never let us be ashamed of the name of "nurse".

***

This to our beginners, I had almost said. But those who have finished their year's training be the first to tell us they are only beginners - they have just learnt how to learn & how to reach.

When they are put into the responsibility of nurse or sister, then they know how to learn & how to teach something every day a year, which, without their thorough training, they would not know.

This is what they tell me.

Then their battle cry is "be not weary in well doing". We will not forget that once we were ignorant, tiresome probationers.

We will not laugh at the mistakes of beginners, but it shall be our pride to help all who come under our influence to be better women, more thorough nurses.

What is influence? The most mighty, the most unseen engine we know.

The importance of one a year or two in the work, over one a month in the work is more mighty, altho' narrow, than the influence of statesmen or sovereigns. The influences of a good woman & thorough nurse with all the new probationers who come under her care is untold.

This it is - the using such influences, for good or for bad, which either raises or lowers the tone of a hospital.

We all see how much easier it is to sink to the level of the low, than to rise to the level of the high - but dear friends all, we know how soldiers were taught fight in the old times against desperate odds, standing shoulder to shoulder and back to back.

Let us each and all, realising the importance of our influences on others - stand shoulder to shoulder & not alone in the good cause.

But let us be quiet.

What is it that is said about the learner? Women's influence ever has been, ever should be quiet and gentle in the working like the learner. Never noisy or self- asserting.

Let us seek all of us rather to the good rather than clever nurses.

Now I am sure we will all give a grateful cheer to our matron and to our home sister and our medical instructors.

God bless you all, my dear, dear friends and I hope to see you all, one by one, this year,

Florence Nightingale

**There are some books about or by Nightingale in a glass display.**

The first on the left side is a book written by Nightingale:
"How People May Live and Not Die in Indıa" published in 1864

On the wall facing the table there is a letter writlen by her. In this letter to a member of the British Parliament she requested him to investigate about a widow's not getting her Iate husband's pension, who fell in the Crimean War.

Letter written by Florence Nightingale to the British Parliament asking for financial aid
to the widower of a soldier who lost his life in the Crimean war

In a glass display case there is a letter addressed by Her Majesty to Mr. Sidney Herbert and through him to Mrs. Herbert, by whom it was transmitted to Miss Nightingale.

This letter gave rise to the creation of a work entitled “The Queen’s Letter” which is composed by John William Hobbs (1799-1877) and the words were written by William Henry Bellamy (1800-1866).

The publication date of this work is 1855. The Publisher was Addison & Hollier. Letter from Queen Victoria
on which song is based is reproduced inside front cover. The format is composed by one score of 7 pages..
Words to six other songs about the Crimean war are printed on back cover.

Winsdor Castle Dec. 6th 1854

Would you tell Mrs. Herbert, that I beg she would let me see frequently the accounts she receives from Miss Nightingale or Mrs. Bracebridge, as I hear no details of the wounded, though I see so many from officers, etc., about the battlefield, and naturally the former must interest me more than anyone.

Let Mrs. Herbert also know that I wish Miss Nightingale and the ladies would tell these poor, noble wounded and sick men that no one takes a warmer interest or feels more for their sufferings or admires their courage and heroism more than their Queen. Day and night she thinks of her beloved troops. So does the Prince.

Beg Mrs. Herbert to communicate these my words to those ladies, as I know that our sympathy is much valued by these noble fellows.

From the beginning of Miss Nightingale's mission the Court had expressed a strong interest and had suggest a wish that all consideration should be given to her experiences and her work.

Upon the receipt of the Queen's message, the chaplain went through the wards reading it to the men, and copies of it were also posted on the walls of the several hospitals. "The men were touched," Miss Nightingale reported to Mr. Herbert in a letter of December 25th.

The Queen's message was followed by more substantial proof of Her Majesty's interest, and here again Miss Nightingale was made the intermediary between the throne and the soldiers.

**The first page of The Queen’s Letter, which is a song for voice and piano**

**Wooden etagère of Florence Nightingale’s living room**

**The clock of Florence Nightingale with Arabic style numerals**

In a frame hanging on the wall there is a poem written for Florence Nightingale by
Colonel Tahsin Alper, commander of the 53rd Infantry Regiment of Selimiye Barracks

View from the south west window of Florence Nightingale's living room

1.Blue mosque
2.Hagia Sophia
3.Beyazit tower
4. Topkapi palace
5.Süleymaniye mosque
6. Sea of Marmara
7. Remains of the ramparts of Constantinople

View from the north west window of Florence Nightingale's living room

1. Galata bridge
2. Galata tower
3. Pera

Address: Scutari, 1st Army Headquarters and Istanbul Garrison Command, Selimiye Barrack, 34668